Act 1
The Podestà, or Mayor, of Lagonero persistently (and unsuccessfully) pursues his new gardener Sandrina. Sandrina, however, is actually the disguised Marchioness Violante Onesti, who has concealed her identity to search for her beloved Count Belfiore, who some time ago had fled in a panic thinking he had somehow killed her when she had fainted during a passionate altercation. Violante’s manservant, Roberto, is also disguised as the gardener Nardo and is smitten with the mayor’s maid, Serpetta (who is jealous of the mayor’s new lust for Sandrina). Meanwhile, the mayor’s niece Arminda has rejected her own lover, Ramiro, in favor of the wealthy suitor who has asked to marry her. Later, when Sandrina learns that Arminda’s new bridegroom is, in fact, her own beloved Count Belfiore, she faints. Belfiore realizes Sandrina is actually his beloved Violante but is utterly baffled when she refuses to admit to it. With everyone now properly confused, jealousy ensues. Arminda senses she may lose Belfiore to Sandrina. Ramiro vows to win back Arminda.
Act 2
The confused Belfiore is confronted by Arminda about Sandrina. Belfiore longs to uncover the truth about Sandrina, hoping she is in fact Violante. Ramiro brings the Podestà shocking news and a warrant for the arrest of Count Belfiore for the murder of the Marchioness Violante Onesi. When the mayor confronts the Count, Sandrina comes to Belfiore’s defense as the Marchioness herself, clearly not dead. All are astonished! When Belfiore thanks Violante, she privately tells him she only pretended to be the Marchioness, but she really is the garden maid Sandrina. In a swirl of turbulent emotions and confusion, the Count’s sanity unravels.
Jealous and unconvinced, Arminda exiles Sandrina to a nearby forest. Upon learning this, the Podestà and others set out to search for Sandrina. As night sets in, a terrified Sandrina takes shelter in a cave. As the searchers traipse through the dark woods, a storm brews, identities are mistaken, love tangles redouble, and chaos ensue. The pandemonium comes to a screeching halt when Belfiore and Sandrina show signs of total madness—or is it? Everyone else is dumbstruck and more confused than ever.
Act 3
Violante and Belfiore “awaken” and resolve to rekindle their love. Everyone else then decides they had better snag their true love, too! So, all is forgiven, and Serpetta will marry Nardo/Roberto, and Arminda will marry Ramiro. The Podestà gathers the three couples and vows himself to marry once he finds a new “gardener.”
“Young Mozart: Commander of Opera Genres”
by Nicole Cowan
(M.A. Student in Musicology and Library Science)
Commissioned by the elector of the Bavarian Court for Munich’s 1774–75 Carnival season, La Finta Giardiniera premiered on January 13, 1775, and showcases the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart as he comes into his own. The commission sent the Mozarts to Munich in December 1774 and likely served as a welcome source of income and artistic support after a relative dry spell in Salzburg, a city that was growing increasingly stifling and tiresome.
Written when Mozart was 18 years old, La Finta Giardiniera is his second opera buffa and demonstrates his mastery of both the prevailing Italian opera styles: opera seria and opera buffa. While authorship of the libretto is uncertain, the plot can be traced back to Samuel Richardson’s novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded and its operatic adaptation, La buona figliuola by Niccolò Piccinni. In Pamela, a lower-class maid rises in station by marrying her employer after suffering through and rebuking his advances. Piccinni deviates slightly in La buona figliuola, revealing the maid to be a long-lost German baroness, an origin that would not disturb the rigid class barriers of the time. Both works were huge successes and took eighteenth-century society by storm, spawning many other stories that echo similar themes.
La Finta Giardiniera concerns itself with the drama of ordinary characters whose lives converge in a tangle of love, madness, and attempted murder. But this is more than just a complicated, emotionally charged, and at times absurd opera buffa plot. The story is elevated by Mozart’s compositional skills as he masterfully expresses and blends the musical traits and tropes of opera buffa with those of opera seria. Stock characters typical of opera buffa populate the stage and are given specific musical treatments to illustrate their character motivations and their expected genre tropes. Lightly scored, quick-witted, and flirtatious Serpetta, a maid in the Podestà’s service who is in love with him, is a stock parte buffa character. Bumbling and often confused Don Anchise/The Podestà is another well-known character type, the tenor buffo, who, in his purported love for Sandrina, becomes the comic foil for the true male lead, Count Belfiore. Contrasting with these buffa characters are Arminda, an almost entirely seria soprano, and Ramiro (her spurned lover), who would originally have been played by a castrato singer, also typical of the seria tradition. Accordingly, Arminda’s arias are more powerful and cast her as a prima donna—especially her Act II rage aria, “Vorrei punirti indegno,” which uses the orchestration of strings and oboe along with emotional breaks in singing for motivic lines in the orchestra—typical for this seria aria type.
Violante/Sandrina, however, is a parte di mezzo carattere, a character type that falls between these buffa and seria categories, with aria styles from both genres. This likely stems from her role as a sentimental heroine. Like the eighteenth-century opera derivations of Pamela, Violante/Sandrina is of the upper class but appears to be of the lower—in this case, a gardener. Stuck in a love triangle between her true love, Count Belfiore, and the amorous Podestà, she is the plot’s main subject, whose suffering is considered virtuous—both the conflicted love and the suffering are hallmarks of the sentimental Pamela type. Her aria “Noi donne poverine” is buffa in style, with an exposed syllabic melody and simple string accompaniment. This song connects to her self-identification in the second scene of the opera as “una povera villanella” (a poor country girl), a play on La buona figliuola’s “Una povera ragazza” (a poor girl). In another string-accompanied buffa aria, “Una voce sento al core,” Violante/Sandrina purposefully evokes a seria style when she sinks into a minor key and adds vocal flourishes to evoke pity in the Podestà. Yet the most compelling example is Violante/Sandrina’s scene at the end of Act II; “Crudeli, Oh Dio!” falls almost exactly in the middle of buffa and seria. It takes after the “virtue in distress” trope of opera buffa, which is often set in an agitata texture. Mozart, however, employs sentimentality and enlists several stylistic elements that would fit just as well in a seria aria. Chromatic string figures, large leaps as she cries out for help, and multiple repeated and related motives to highlight her inner turmoil further heighten the drama and push Violante/Sandrina to the extreme.
Mozart does not only blend genres for Violante/Sandria. Even in stock characters, Mozart colors their musical characterizations to point to both types of opera. The typical buffa bass role is Roberto/Nardo but has a more sentimental treatment with a high range and more noble, forceful passions as well as moments of true pathos when attempting to woo Serpetta. Even the seria Arminda, in the aria where she flirts with Belfiore (“Si promette facilmente”), falls into musical buffa tropes, such as singular repeating notes and a lack of vocal flourishes in her whiny complaints about Ramiro. Count Belfiore has more depth than the conventional buffa tenor—his tendency to extreme emotions with dramatic, vocally expressive moments of distress (culminating in a mad scene) are uncommon in buffa plots. Finally, rather than the heroine submitting to him, as in many other buffa stories, Belfiore must go through similar, more serious suffering, just like Violante/Sandrina has, to be with her and earn his happy ending.
La Finta Giardiniera is, at its core, an opera buffa, but through Mozart’s use of seria elements, it becomes a story not just of ordinary people, but of serious feeling, turmoil, and passion. Each character’s specific musical treatment reinforces their position in their respective tropes and in the mansion of the Podestà. Even in Mozart’s day, the musical depth and complexity that Mozart exhibits through weaving seria elements into a buffa framework was praised; after the first rehearsal, the musicians agreed to push the premiere from late December to mid-January, as they believed the music was worthy of more time and careful preparation. Seemingly, audiences agreed: countless voices, including the elector himself, lauded the composer’s musical prowess. At just 18 years old, Mozart demonstrated in La Finta Giardiniera his strong command of opera styles and of composition.